inputs and outputs of oxidative phosphorylation

The entirety of this process is called oxidative phosphorylation. Other cells of your body have a shuttle system that delivers the electrons via NADH, resulting in the production of 5 ATP. How does oxidative phosphorylation occur? NADH and FADH2 made in the citric acid cycle (in the mitochondrial matrix) deposit their electrons into the electron transport chain at complexes I and II, respectively. These reactions take place in the cytosol. ATP levels would fall at first, decreasing the inhibition of PFK and increasing the rate of ATP production. The coupled stages of cellular respiration This cycle is catalyzed by several enzymes and is named in honor of the British scientist Hans Krebs who identified the series of steps involved in the citric acid cycle. Instead, they are coupled together because one or more outputs from one stage functions as an input to another stage. Our mission is to improve educational access and learning for everyone. It was used until 1938 as a weight-loss drug. Anaerobic glycolysis serves as a means of energy production in cells that cannot produce adequate energy through oxidative phosphorylation. This pyruvate molecule is used in the citric acid cycle or as a . The movement of electrons through this scheme in plants requires energy from photons in two places to lift the energy of the electrons sufficiently. Harvesting the energy of light begins in PS II with the absorption of a photon of light at a reaction center. NAD+ is a, Posted 6 years ago. Is it lungs? This modulatory effect may be exercised via rhythmic systemic . Why would ATP not be able to be produced without this acceptor (oxygen)? Oxidative phosphorylation is made up of two closely connected components: the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis. Thus NADPH, ATP, and oxygen are the products of the first phase of photosynthesis called the light reactions. So, where does oxygen fit into this picture? Oxidative phosphorylation is an important energy-conserving mechanism coupling mitochondrial electron transfer to ATP synthesis. Direct link to Ivana - Science trainee's post The free energy from the , Posted 6 years ago. After four electrons have been donated by the OEC to PS II, the OEC extracts four electrons from two water molecules, liberating oxygen and dumping four protons into the thylakoid space, thus contributing to the proton gradient. In the oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA, one carbon atom is released as CO2. The rate of cellular respiration is regulated by its major product, ATP, via feedback inhibition. Note that not all electron transport compounds in the electron transport chain are listed.a) FMN of Complex I -- Q -- Fe-S of Complex II -- FADH2 -- Fe-S of Complex III -- Cyt c -- Cyt a of Complex IV -- O2b) FADH2 -- FMN of Complex I -- Fe-S of Complex II -- Q -- Fe-S of Complex III -- Cyt c -- Cyt a of Complex IV -- O2c) O2 -- Cyt a of Complex IV -- Cyt c -- Fe-S of Complex III -- Q -- Fe-S of Complex II -- FMN of Complex I -- FADH2d) FADH2 -- FMN of Complex I -- Fe-S of Complex II -- Fe-S of Complex III -- Q -- Cyt a of Complex IV -- Cyt c -- O2, C) FADH2 -- FMN of Complex I -- Fe-S of Complex II -- Q -- Fe-S of Complex III -- Cyt c -- Cyt a of Complex IV -- O2. In the fourth protein complex, the electrons are accepted by oxygen, the terminal acceptor. The energy from this oxidation is stored in a form that is used by most other energy-requiring reactions in cells. The extra electrons on the oxygen ions attract hydrogen ions (protons) from the surrounding medium, and water is formed. d. NADH Drag each compound to the appropriate bin. One ATP (or an equivalent) is also made in each cycle. . The inputs (reactants) of pyruvate oxidation are pyruvate, NAD+, and Coenzyme A. In the citric acid cycle (also known as the Krebs cycle), acetyl CoA is completely oxidized. Science Biology In which order do the stages of aerobic cellular respiration occur? NADH -- Fe-S of Complex I -- Q -- Fe-S of Complex III -- Cyt c-- Cyt a of Complex IV -- O2, Chapter 8 Dynamic Study Module: An Introducti, David N. Shier, Jackie L. Butler, Ricki Lewis, John David Jackson, Patricia Meglich, Robert Mathis, Sean Valentine, Jane B. Reece, Lisa A. Urry, Michael L. Cain, Peter V Minorsky, Robert B Jackson, Steven A. Wasserman. Cellular locations of the four stages of cellular respiration, 1. 3 domains of life proposed by Carl Woese 1970s 1 bacteria 2 Archaea prokaryotes 3 eukarya protozoa algae fungi plants animals cells nutrients cell wall motility bacteria s yes common archaea single in organic protozoa sing yes common no usual algae both photo synth yes rare fungi yes rare organic helminths m no always 9th organic which organisms can be pathogens bacteria . You, like many other organisms, need oxygen to live. The electron transport chain about to start churning out ATP. Direct link to Juliana's post Aren't internal and cellu, Posted 3 years ago. Note that two types of electron carriers are involved. Besides the path described above for movement of electrons through PS I, plants have an alternative route that electrons can take. are not subject to the Creative Commons license and may not be reproduced without the prior and express written For instance, some intermediates from cellular respiration may be siphoned off by the cell and used in other biosynthetic pathways, reducing the number of ATP produced. The coupling works in both directions, as indicated by the arrows in the diagram below. In this activity, you will identify the compounds that couple the stages of cellular respiration. The reduced form of the electron acceptor in glycolysis is ________ . However, the oxidation of the remaining two carbon atomsin acetateto CO2 requires a complex, eight-step pathwaythe citric acid cycle. Drag the labels from the left (which represent numbers of carbon atoms) onto the diagram to identify the number of carbon atoms in each intermediate in acetyl CoA formation and the citric acid cycle. This complex protein acts as a tiny generator, turned by the force of the hydrogen ions diffusing through it, down their electrochemical gradient from the intermembrane space, where there are many mutually repelling hydrogen ions to the matrix, where there are few. In the Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle), would the four-carbon molecule that combines with Acetyl CoA be Oxaloacetic acid? Wikipedia. If oxygen is not present, this transfer does not occur. Why is the citric acid cycle a cyclic pathway rather than a linear pathway? has not been pregnant previously; J.B. says he has never gotten a girl pregnant "that he knows of. TP synthesis in glycolysis: substrate-level phosphorylation A system so organized is called a light harvesting complex. Glycolysis. Although necessary for multicellular life, in an ironic twist of fate aerobic cellular respiration is thought to also be responsible for the processes that end multicellular life. [(Cl3CCO)2O]\left[ \left( \mathrm { Cl } _ { 3 } \mathrm { CCO } \right) _ { 2 } \mathrm { O } \right] As they are passed from one complex to another (there are a total of four), the electrons lose energy, and some of that energy is used to pump hydrogen ions from the mitochondrial matrix into the intermembrane space. A) 2 C such as oxidative phosphorylation, MYC targets, and DNA repair. The electrons have made their way from water to NADPH via carriers in the thylakoid membrane and their movement has released sufficient energy to make ATP. The individual reactions can't know where a particular "proton" came from. Direct link to Raya's post When the electron carrier, Posted 4 years ago. is the final electron acceptor of the electron transport chain. Photons from the sun interact with chlorophyll molecules in reaction centers in the chloroplasts (Figures and ) of plants or membranes of photosynthetic bacteria. Net Input: NADH, ADP, O Net Output: NAD, ATP, and Water Not Input or Output: Pyruvate, Glucose, Acetyl CoA, Coenzyme A and CO. Drag each compound to the appropriate bin. The electron transport chain is a series of protein complexes and electron carrier molecules found within the mitochondrial membrane in eukaryotic cells. the empty state of FADH2 is FADH, after oxidation it loses 1 h+ ion and elctron. Cellular locations of the four stages of cellular respiration Overall, in living systems, these pathways of glucose catabolism extract about 34 percent of the energy contained in glucose. In animals, oxygen enters the body through the respiratory system. In plants and algae, the pigments are held in a very organized fashion complexes called antenna proteins that help funnel energy, through resonance energy transfer, to the reaction center chlorophylls. If so, how does it get out of the mitochondrion to go be used as energy? The entire textbook is available for free from the authors at http://biochem.science.oregonstate.edu/content/biochemistry-free-and-easy. Course Hero uses AI to attempt to automatically extract content from documents to surface to you and others so you can study better, e.g., in search results, to enrich docs, and more. Source: BiochemFFA_5_3.pdf. Fewer protons are pumped across the inner mitochondrial membrane when FADH2 is the electron donor than when NADH is the electron donor. The electron transport complexes of photosynthesis are also located on the thylakoid membranes. 4 CO2, 2 ATP, 6 NADH + H+, 2 FADH2. Coupling between respiration and phosphorylation is not fully . If the intermembrane space of the mitochondria was increased, I would think that respiration would be less efficient, because now the electrons have to cross a larger space and lose much more energy. The Citric Acid Cycle In eukaryotic cells, the pyruvate molecules produced at the end of glycolysis are transported into mitochondria, which are sites of cellular respiration. In contrast, low-risk samples showed increased activity of more cancer . The development of celluar respiration began as a simple inefficient system progressing to it's current incarnation. This page titled 5.3: Energy - Photophosphorylation is shared under a CC BY-NC-SA license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by Kevin Ahern, Indira Rajagopal, & Taralyn Tan. In fermentation, the NADH produced by glycolysis is used to reduce the pyruvate produced by glycolysis to either lactate or ethanol. At the end of the electron transport system, the electrons are used to reduce an oxygen molecule to oxygen ions. For example, sugars other than glucose are fed into the glycolytic pathway for energy extraction. FADH2 in the matrix deposits electrons at Complex II, turning into FAD and releasing 2 H+. The two photosystems performing all of this magic are protein complexes that are similar in structure and means of operation. During acetyl CoA formation and the citric acid cycle, all of the carbon atoms that enter cellular respiration in the glucose molecule are released in the form of CO2. Net Input: NADH, ADP, O Net Output: NAD, ATP, CO and Water Not Input or Output: Pyruvate, Glucose, Acetyl CoA, Coenzyme A and CO. View the full answer. Under anaerobic conditions (a lack of oxygen), the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA stops. Both electron transport and ATP synthesis would stop. The proton gradient generated by proton pumping during the electron transport chain is a stored form of energy. In eukaryotic cells, the pyruvate molecules produced at the end of glycolysis are transported into mitochondria, which are sites of cellular respiration. Carbon dioxide is released and NADH is made. Direct link to Eva Klein's post I have a question Whic, Posted 6 years ago. The third type of phosphorylation to make ATP is found only in cells that carry out photosynthesis. Energy for the entire process came from four photons of light. What Are the net inputs and net outputs of oxidative phosphorylation? Direct link to Chaarvee Gulia's post I don't quite understand , Posted 5 years ago. If NADH becomes NAD+, it releases H+ and if FADH2 becomes FAD and would release 2H+. This video explains what happens to pyruvate: Direct link to tyersome's post Remember that all aqueous, Posted 6 years ago. When I learned about it for the first time, I felt like I had tripped and fallen into a can of organic-chemistry-flavored alphabet soup! The electron transport chain and ATP synthase are embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane. The free energy from the electron transfer causes 4 protons to move into the mitochondrial matrix. The input in oxidative phosphorylation is ADP, NADH, FADH2 and O2. Citric acid cycle. The result of the reactions is the production of ATP from the energy of the electrons removed from hydrogen atoms. The electron transport chain is a series of proteins embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane. What does substrate level phosphorylation means? -An enzyme is required in order for the reaction to occur These high-energy carriers will connect with the last portion of aerobic respiration to produce ATP molecules. In anaerobic states, pyruvic acid converts to lactic acid, and the net production of 2 ATP molecules occurs. Instead, it must hand its electrons off to a molecular shuttle system that delivers them, through a series of steps, to the electron transport chain. How much H2O is produced is the electron transport chain? This step regenerates NAD+ and FAD (the oxidized carriers) for use in the citric acid cycle. and you must attribute OpenStax. In oxidative phosphorylation, the energy comes from electrons produced by oxidation of biological molecules. Much more ATP, however, is produced later in a process called oxidative phosphorylation. L.B. Drag the labels on the left to show the net redox reaction in acetyl CoA formation and the citric acid cycle. Direct link to SanteeAlexander's post I thought it was 38 ATPs , Posted 6 years ago. The same pigments are used by green algae and land plants. [1] mitochondrial matrix. Is this couple infertile? citation tool such as, Authors: Samantha Fowler, Rebecca Roush, James Wise. Glycolysis is an ancient metabolic pathway, meaning that it evolved long ago, and it is found in the great majority of organisms alive today ^ {2,3} 2,3. It has two important functions: Complexes I, III, and IV of the electron transport chain are proton pumps. These metabolic processes are regulated by various . Energy from the light is used to strip electrons away from electron donors (usually water) and leave a byproduct (oxygen, if water was used). The new Campbell Biology textbook updated the ATP yield totals to be 26-28 (instead of 30-32). This photochemical energy is stored ultimately in carbohydrates which are made using ATP (from the energy harvesting), carbon dioxide and water. In chemiosmosis, the energy stored in the gradient is used to make ATP. Under anaerobic conditions (a lack of oxygen), glycolysis continues in most cells despite the fact that oxidative phosphorylation stops, and its production of NAD+ (which is needed as an input to glycolysis) also stops. The components NAD + and NADH are common in both the oxidative phosphorylation pathway and the TCA cycle, while FAD and FADH 2 is bound tightly to the enzyme SDH (Korla and Mitra, 2014).The reduced molecules NADH and FADH 2 serve as electron donors for . So. That's my guess and it would probably be wrong. The electrons are transferred to molecular oxygen from an energy precursor that is produced in a citric acid cycle through the use of enzymes. This system, called cyclic photophosphorylation (Figure \(\PageIndex{8}\)) which generates more ATP and no NADPH, is similar to a system found in green sulfur bacteria. Cyanide, and that weight control pill all cause the normal respiration to function abnormally. Citric Acid Cycle input. Based on a lot of experimental work, it appears that four H. With this information, we can do a little inventory for the breakdown of one molecule of glucose: One number in this table is still not precise: the ATP yield from NADH made in glycolysis. The process of generating more ATP via the phosphorylation of ADP is referred to oxidative phosphorylation since the energy of hydrogen oxygenation is used throughout the electron transport chain. In biological systems, this reaction is vital for the cellular storage and transfer of free energy using energy carrier molecules. To summarize the light dependent reactions, let ' s look at the inputs and outputs: INPUTS: OUTPUTS: Light Energy: ATP: Water (H 2 O) NADPH : Oxygen Molecules (O 2) Study how the electrons are made available and what happens to them. This is the reason we must breathe to draw in new oxygen. When a compound accepts (gains) electrons, that compound becomes ________. These reactions take place in the mitochondrial matrix. In mitochondria, NADH/FADH2 are electron sources and H2O is their final destination. In most cases, a byproduct of the process is oxygen, which is released from water in the capture process. The electrons ultimately reduce O2 to water in the final step of electron transport. Overview of the steps of cellular respiration. Most affected people are diagnosed in childhood, although there are some adult-onset diseases. Electron Transport and Oxidative Phosphorylation; . Previous question Next question. The chloroplasts are where the energy of light is captured, electrons are stripped from water, oxygen is liberated, electron transport occurs, NADPH is formed, and ATP is generated. In this review, we present the current evidence for oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in . Direct link to Richard Wu's post Well, I should think it i, Posted 4 years ago. In the sequential reactions of acetyl CoA formation and the citric acid cycle, pyruvate (the output from glycolysis) is completely oxidized, and the electrons produced from this oxidation are passed on to two types of electron acceptors. As you know if youve ever tried to hold your breath for too long, lack of oxygen can make you feel dizzy or even black out, and prolonged lack of oxygen can even cause death. start text, N, A, D, end text, start superscript, plus, end superscript, start text, F, A, D, H, end text, start subscript, 2, end subscript, 2, e, start superscript, minus, end superscript, 2, start text, H, end text, start superscript, plus, end superscript, start text, H, end text, start superscript, plus, end superscript. Acetyl CoA and Oxaloacetic Acid combine to form a six-carbon molecule called Citric Acid (Citrate). Consider four possible explanations for why the last two carbons in acetate are converted to CO2 in a complex cyclic pathway rather than through a simple, linear reaction. It would seem to be the equivalent of going to and from a particular place while always going downhill, since electrons will move according to potential. When it states in "4. The production of ATP during respiration is called oxidative phosphorylation. What would happen to the energy stored in the proton gradient if it weren't used to synthesize ATP or do other cellular work? The two acetyl-carbon atoms will eventually be released on later turns of the cycle; in this way, all six carbon atoms from the original glucose molecule will be eventually released as carbon dioxide. Yes. The resulting compound is called acetyl CoA. The Citric Acid Cycle In eukaryotic cells, the pyruvate molecules produced at the end of glycolysis are transported into mitochondria, which are sites of cellular respiration. 2 acetyl CoA, 2 oxaloacetate, 2 ADP + P, 6 NAD+, 2 FAD. This electron must be replaced. 2. Oxi, Posted a year ago. Fewer ATP molecules are generated when FAD+ acts as a carrier. B) 6 C This will be discussed elsewhere in the section on metabolism (HERE). The chloroplasts membrane has a phospholipid inner membrane, a phospholipid outer membrane, and a region between them called the intermembrane space (Figure 5.61). In the brown fat cells, How many ATP do we get per glucose in cellular respiration? Energy from ATP and electrons from NADPH are used to reduce CO2 and build sugars, which are the ultimate energy storage directly arising from photosynthesis. Direct link to richie56rich's post How much H2O is produced , Posted 4 years ago. In this article, we'll examine oxidative phosphorylation in depth, seeing how it provides most of the ready chemical energy (ATP) used by the cells in your body. Cellular respiration is a nexus for many different metabolic pathways in the cell, forming a. Cyanide acts as a poison because it inhibits complex IV, making it unable to transport electrons. However, glycolysis doesn't require oxygen, and many anaerobic organismsorganisms that do . The electrons flow through the electron transport chain, causing protons to be pumped from the matrix to the intermembrane space. Photosynthesis is an energy capture process found in plants and other organisms to harvest light energy and convert it into chemical energy. Eventually, the electrons are passed to oxygen, which combines with protons to form water. Label the arrows indicating electrons carried by NADH. NADH is no longer converted to NAD+, which is needed for the first three stages of cellular respiration. Explain why only small amounts of catalysts are needed to crack large amounts of petroleum. H) 4 C a) It can occur only in the presence of oxygen. What is substrate level. ATP (or, in some cases, GTP), NADH, and FADH_2 are made, and carbon dioxide is released. Oxygen continuously diffuses into plants for this purpose. Within the inner chloroplast membrane is the stroma, in which the chloroplast DNA and the enzymes of the Calvin cycle are located. Direct link to Dallas Huggins's post The new Campbell Biology , Posted 6 years ago. The acetyl CoA combines with a four-carbon molecule and goes through a cycle of reactions, ultimately regenerating the four-carbon starting molecule. Which statement best explains why more ATP is made per molecule of NADH than per molecule of FADH2? Many metabolic processes, including oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), fatty acid -oxidation and the urea cycle, occur in mitochondria 27,28. What is the role of NAD+ in cellular respiration. Direct link to Richard Wu's post Hm. A cell stays small, Posted 6 years ago. As it turns out, the reason you need oxygen is so your cells can use this molecule during oxidative phosphorylation, the final stage of cellular respiration. During cellular respiration, a glucose molecule is gradually broken down into carbon dioxide and water. But technically there should be net two protons left in cytosol and that's where I am puzzled. Oxidative phosphorylation is the process by which the synthesization of ATP takes place. These electrons come originally from glucose and are shuttled to the electron transport chain by electron carriers, To see how a glucose molecule is converted into carbon dioxide and how its energy is harvested as ATP and, Glycolysis can take place without oxygen in a process called, Each stage of cellular respiration is covered in more detail in other articles and videos on the site. https://med.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Anatomy_and_Physiology/Book%3A_Anatomy_and_Physiology_(Boundless)/21%3A_Respiratory_System/21.9%3A_Gas_Exchange/21.9B%3A_Internal_Respiration. -The enyzmes involved in ATP synthesis must be attached to a membrane to produce ATP. How is ATP produced in cellular respiration? -A bond must be broken between an organic molecule and phosphate before ATP can form. Fill in the following table to summarize the major inputs and outputs of glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, and fermentation. All of the electrons that enter the transport chain come from NADH and FADH, Beyond the first two complexes, electrons from NADH and FADH. (Assume that gramicidin does not affect the production of NADH and FADH2 during the early stages of cellular respiration.) The output of the photophosphorylation part of photosynthesis (O2, NADPH, and ATP), of course, is not the end of the process of photosynthesis. The energy from this oxidation is stored in a form that is used by most other energy-requiring reactions in cells. PQA hands the electron off to a second plastoquinone (PQB), which waits for a second electron and collects two protons to become PQH2, also known as plastoquinol (Figure \(\PageIndex{9}\)). Knockdown of ZCRB1 impaired the proliferation, invasion, migration, and colony formation in HCC cell lines. Hydrogen ions diffuse through the inner membrane through an integral membrane protein called ATP synthase (Figure 4.15b). For example, the number of hydrogen ions that the electron transport chain complexes can pump through the membrane varies between species. Direct link to Ivana - Science trainee's post `C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6, Posted 5 years ago. Transcribed image text: 23) Describe the 4 main steps in cellular respiration and identify the key inputs and outputs of I) glycolysis, 11) pyruvate oxidation, III) the citric acid cycle, and IV) oxidative phosphorylation 24) Associate the various stages of cellular respiration to structural features of the mitochondrion and how selective In the last stage of cellular respiration, oxidative phosphorylation, all of the reduced electron carriers produced in the previous stages are oxidized by oxygen via the electron transport chain. the source of the electrons H2O for photosynthesis versus NADH/FADH2 for oxidative phosphorylation, direction of proton pumping into the thylakoid space of the chloroplasts versus outside the matrix of the mitochondrion, movement of protons during ATP synthesis out of the thylakoid space in photosynthesis versus into the mitochondrial matrix in oxidative phosphorylation. 8. O b) It can occur only in the mitochondrion. In photosynthesis, the energy comes from the light of the sun. Beyond those four, the remaining ATP all come from oxidative phosphorylation. 2GPs are converted into two PYRUVATE molecules releasing energy (2 x ATP). Oxygen continuously diffuses into plants for this purpose. The electron transport chain (Figure 4.19 a) is the last component of aerobic respiration and is the only part of metabolism that uses atmospheric oxygen. Oxidative phosphorylation is where most of the ATP actually comes from. Instead of electrons going through ferredoxin to form NADPH, they instead take a backwards path through the the proton-pumping b6f complex. From the following compounds involved in cellular respiration, choose those that are the net inputs and net outputs of oxidative phosphorylation. Defects in oxidative phosphorylation, mitochondrial mechanisms, and calcium signalling are interconnected in a cascade sequence and ultimately lead to neurodegeneration in AD. Oxidative phosphorylation is the process in which ATP is formed as a result of the transfer of electrons from NADH or FADH 2 to O 2 by a series of electron carriers. The energetically "downhill" movement of electrons through the chain causes pumping of protons into the intermembrane space by the first, third, and fourth complexes. Two carbon atoms come into the citric acid cycle from each acetyl group. The four stages of cellular respiration do not function independently. Except where otherwise noted, textbooks on this site Hm. A cell stays small to allow easier transport of molecules and charged particles from organelles. Oxidative Phosphorylation: Oxidative phosphorylation is the final metabolic step of cellular respiration that is used to produce. The educational preparation for this profession requires a college education, followed by medical school with a specialization in medical genetics. What are the 3 requirements inputs for oxidative phosphorylation? Another factor that affects the yield of ATP molecules generated from glucose is that intermediate compounds in these pathways are used for other purposes. Along the way, some ATP is produced directly in the reactions that transform glucose. The input involved in glycolysis is two ATP (Adenosine triphosphate), two NAD+ and one glucose. There is increasing evidence that the circadian system modulates the complex multistep process of adult neurogenesis, which is crucial for brain plasticity. The uneven distribution of H+ ions across the membrane establishes an electrochemical gradient, owing to the H+ ions positive charge and their higher concentration on one side of the membrane. Oxidative phosphorylation marks the terminal point of the cellular respiration and the main sequence that accounts for the high ATP yield of aerobic cellular respiration. The entirety of this process is called oxidative phosphorylation. What are the electron carriers in oxidative phosphorylation? Once the electron donor in glycolysis gives up its electrons, it is oxidized to a compound called ___________. Instead, H. Overview diagram of oxidative phosphorylation. Base inputs and outputs on one glucose molecule.

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