are okinawans pacific islanders

Dr. Erika Lee, Ph.D., professor and director of the Immigration History Research Center at the University of Minnesota. The islands were under the influence of colonial powers such as Germany, Spain and Japan from the 16th century up until the end of World War II. SHARE. Explore Search Information Systems Maps and Mapping freestar.config.enabled_slots.push({ They diagnosed me with bronchitis and sinusitis connected to chemical exposure, Heathcote said. Have Voters Noticed? The problem, he contends, is the US-Japan Status of Forces Agreement signed in 1960. [9], In the North Pacific, non-tropical islands in and around Alaska, Japan and Russia were inhabited by people related to Indigenous American and Far East Asian groups,[10] with some Japanese ethnic groups also being theorized to be related to Indigenous Pacific groups. Although the prefecture consists of less than 1 percent of. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. [39] Nauru's main political partner since World War I has been Australia, excluding a brief period of Japanese occupation in World War II. Frances Kai-Hwa Wang is a freelance writer and speaker based in Michigan and Hawaii. magazine_button_bg_color_384157 = '#ffcf0d'; What are the countries and cultures that the Census Bureau includes in the definition of Asian American and Pacific Islander? [52], To celebrate the diverse Pacific island cultures, the Auckland Region hosts several Pacific island festivals. In 2000, "Asian" and "Pacific Islander" became two separate racial categories.[55]. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). "Pacific Island Labourer" includes all natives not of European extraction of any island except the islands of New Zealand situated in the Pacific Ocean beyond the Commonwealth [of Australia] as constituted at the commencement of this Act. The Chinese aircraft carrier Liaoning sails into Hong Kong in July 2017. Naha, on the island, is the prefectural capital. I have always interpreted the term "desi" to describe people who hail from South Asian countries a cluster that includes India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, the Maldives, Bhutan, Nepal and Afghanistan. The Pentagon, through US Forces Japan, denies most of Mitchells claims. On Wednesday, a small group of activists announced they would study whether Okinawa could split from Japan and become an independent state, which was reported by island and national media.. New Zealand's native population, the Moris, are Polynesians, and thus considered Pacific Islanders. tn_subject: ['activism', 'arms-spend', 'asia', 'environmen', 'environmen', 'foreign-po', 'internatio', 'journalist', 'national-s', 'nuclear-ar', 'radioactiv', 'us-wars-an', 'war-and-pe', 'world'], Tim ShorrockTwitterTim Shorrock, who has been reporting on Korea for The Nation since 1983, is a Washington, D.C.based journalist and the author of Spies for Hire: The Secret World of Intelligence Outsourcing. The island quickly became a massive American base, the intended staging ground for the coming invasion of the Japan home. Chris Gelardi and Sophia Perez If Wales were the 51st state, not everyone living in Wales would be Welsh. The first landings at Okinawa were on the outlying Kerama Islands on March 26, 1945 the last day of the Battle of Iwo Jima. The U.S. war in Laos was kept a secret because it violated the Geneva Conventions of 1954 and 1962, which resulted in an agreement that Laos would remain neutral in the Cold War. Where did the model minority myth come from? tn_pos: 'rectangle_4', I really hope my book helps people understand how badly the island has been contaminated, especially because so many American veterans are sick. Through his research, he has documented claims from more than 250 veterans that Agent Orange was stored on Okinawa during the 1960s and 70s. During WWII, Okinawa was a major location used in the U.S. military's. Recognized as the bloodiest confrontation between the opposing American and Japanese forces, there has already been much written concerning the two main players in this fight[1]. On October 23, 1992, AAPI Heritage Month was permanently designated after Congress passed Public Law 102-450. Ron Aramaki, adjunct faculty at the University of Michigan Department of American Culture. By signing up to receive emails, you agree to receive occasional promotional offers for programs that support The Nation's journalism. Okinawa is located just 350 miles (563 km) south of Kyushu, and its capture was regarded as a vital precursor to a ground invasion of the Japanese home islands. [37], Melanesians constitute over three quarters of the total indigenous population of the Pacific Islands; Polynesians account for more than one-sixth; and Micronesians make up about one-twentieth. During the Cold War and after, domestic politics on the island has repeatedly focused on the desire of Okinawa's residents to reduce or . Its certainly fine to describe people as being "from China," but the label "Chinaman" has a long and racist history that was used to demonize and then discriminate against Chinese immigrants and Chinese Americans. Uncover how food and healthy lifestyle leads to high life expectancy on Okinawa island, Japan, This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/place/Okinawa-prefecture-Japan, Official Site of Okinawa perfecture, Japan, Official Site of Okinawa Prefecture, Japan, Okinawa - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). The Okinawan prefectural assembly unanimously backed a letter demanding the removal of the base off the island. In 2016, he discovered through a FOIA request that the USMC Criminal Investigation Division was monitoring him. [7] In other uses, it may refer to areas with Austronesian linguistic heritage like Taiwan, Indonesia, Micronesia, Polynesia and the Myanmar islands, which found their genesis in the Neolithic cultures of the island of Taiwan. if( magazine_text_384157 !='' ){ He warns that the proposed US military expansion in the Asia-Pacificits largest since the Vietnam Warwill aggravate an environmental disaster caused by 75 years of American wars and intervention. Is colorblind casting the solution or the problem? tn_keyword: ['imperialis', 'us-militar'], They are usually considered Asian, with Aleuts considered Alaskan natives. For Asian Pacific American Heritage Month, NBC News is taking a closer look at some of the terminology used when discussing Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders in order to better understand why certain words and phrases are (or aren't) used. Much of Fiji's tourist trade comes from 'down under'. What is AMEMSA? [20] However, Pacific Islanders are believed to have possibly visited some of these locations, including Wake Island. These people speak various Austrones. Battle of Okinawa: 1 April 1945 - 22 June 1945. The purpose of this study is to examine why the longevity indices in Okinawa were once the highest in Japan, and to examine the reasons for their recent decline. This is not merely a question of trying to hold on to a word that like many words encountered in the English language has been adopted, assimilated or appropriated. slotId: "thenation_article_indent", Follow NBC Asian America on Facebook, Twitter, Instagram and Tumblr. } Though considered by the Japanese as speaking a dialect, the Rykyans speak separate languages such as Okinawan, also known as Uchinaguchi, as well as Amami, Miyako, Yaeyama and Yonaguni. This phrase means part European American, with the implication being that the person is also part Native Hawaiian. [57], This article is about the peoples of the Pacific Islands. There are approximately 400 million people of Austronesian descent in the world today. jQuery("#magazine_button_384157 a").attr("href",magazine_button_url_384157); US militarism in the Pacific Films such as "The Last Samurai" starring Tom Cruise and "The Great Wall" starring Matt Damon are some examples of white savior narratives. Biba Guhan!: How Guams Indigenous Activists Are Confronting Military Colonialism In July 2019, at the inaugural Indonesian Exposition held in Auckland, Indonesia launched its Pacific Elevation program, which would encompass a new era of elevated engagement with the region, with the country also using the event to lay claim that Indonesia is culturally and ethnically linked to the Pacific islands. Asian A person having origins in any of the original peoples of the Far East, Southeast Asia, or the Indian subcontinent including, for example, Cambodia, China, India, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Pakistan, the Philippine Islands, Thailand and Vietnam. Most Pacific Islands are densely populated, and habitation tends to be concentrated along the coasts. TOKYO (AP) Okinawa on Sunday marks the 50th anniversary of its return to Japan on May 15, 1972, which ended 27 years of U.S. rule after one of the bloodiest battles of World War II was fought on the southern Japanese island. The name means "rope in the open sea" because Okinawa is plopped in the middle of the oceans, with the Pacific to the . Dr. Nancy Wang Yuen, sociologist and author of Reel Inequality: Hollywood Actors and Racism. The 82-day-long battle lasted from early April . Choose soy and soy foods.Try adding tofu to a stir-fry or switch from dairy milk to soy milk. Pacific Islanders, Pasifika, Pasefika, Pacificans or rarely Pacificers are the peoples of the Pacific Islands. Historical Amnesia About Slavery Is a Tool of White Supremacy. [47] Aside from Papua New Guinea, the scheme includes one country each from Melanesia (Vanuatu), Polynesia (Tonga), and Micronesia (Kiribati)countries that already send workers to New Zealand under its seasonal labour scheme. Biden Is Adopting a Militaristic Approach to the Far East Although Japan surrendered on Aug. 14, 1945, the Japanese on Okinawa did not officially surrender until Sept. 2, 1945. placementName: "thenation_right_rail", To submit a correction for our consideration, click here. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Why does it matter? } Sources/Usage Public Domain. [23], Ian Todd's 1974 book Island Realm: A Pacific Panorama considers Oceania and the term "Pacific Islands" to also encompass the non-tropical Aleutian Islands,[24] as well as Clipperton Island, the Coral Sea Islands, the Desventuradas Islands, Guadalupe Island, the Juan Fernndez Islands, the Revillagigedo Islands, Salas y Gmez Island and the Torres Strait Islands. [37], The majority of island groups are most closely aligned to New Zealand/Australia, with others being politically aligned to France or the United States. You can read our Privacy Policy here. 2003. Okinawa Island was the site of one of the bloodiest campaigns in the Pacific theatre during World War II. The name derives the Greek words melas ('black') and nsos ('island') for the predominantly dark-skinned peoples of New Guinea island, the Bismarck Archipelago, Solomon Islands, Vanuatu (formerly New Hebrides), New Caledonia, and Fiji.[37]. MORE FROM Tim Shorrock . if( magazine_button_url_384157 !='' ){ Where did the "model minority myth" come from? [1], Auckland, New Zealand has the world's largest concentration of urban Pacific Islanders living outside of their own countries, and is sometimes referred to as the "Polynesian capital of the world. She has been a contributor for AAPIVoices.com, NewAmericaMedia.org, ChicagoIsTheWorld.org, PacificCitizen.org and InCultureParent.com. As more people in Tokyo and elsewhere were beginning to hole up at home during the coronavirus pandemic, others were venturing out to visit islands in . West, F. James, and Sophie Foster. Based on hundreds of declassified US documents obtained under the Freedom of Information Act and interviews with US veterans and whistleblowers, it documents the Pentagons use, testing, and storage of chemical, nuclear, and other weapons of mass destruction (WMD) in the Pacific and the disastrous impact of its flawed handling and storage of such weapons. Area prefecture, 877 square miles (2,271 square km). Yellowface is the term used to describe non-Asian actors (typically white) putting on makeup, including prosthetics, to look like a stereotyped version of an Asian person. New Caledonia (and Vanuatu to a lesser extent) were under French colonial influence from the 19th century onward. November 16, 2020 However, the latest LEB for men in Okinawa is no higher than the national average. An individuals response to the race question is based upon self-identification. targeting:{ [31] Additionally, there have been pushes for Easter Island and Hawaii to join the Pacific Islands Forum, as they are primarily inhabited by Polynesian peoples. Micronesians make up the second largest, including primarily Chamoru from Guam; as well as other Chamoru, Carolinian from the Northern Mariana Islands, Marshallese, Palauans, and various others. tn_loc:'atf' The island is currently administered by Australia, and Its residents are primarily European Australians who originated from the mainland, with a small number also being Asian Australians. Gerald Mohler, another Marine, was told to camp in the area, and said he later suffered from chronic breathing problems and neurological damage. Pacific Islanders, Pasifika, Pasefika, Pacificans or rarely Pacificers are the peoples of the Pacific Islands. if( magazine_button_text_384157 !='' ){ For substantive measures of success, including median individual income, wage returns to education and representation at the managerial level, Asians actually fare worse than whites. Though a quarter of a century has passed since the agreement to shutter the base, the paper remarked, the severity of the situation only continues to increase.. Studies in history, sociology and psychology have provided strong evidence that almost all segments of the Asian American population, including rst and later generations, youth and elderly, English and native-language only speakers and across most ethnic groups, suffer from this stereotypical image. On May 15, 1972, Okinawa reverted to Japanese control. Japan's Okinawa islands still have an outsize importance to U.S. military operations in the Indo-Pacific, particularly in deterring a Chinese attack against Taiwan. [20][21] In the case of Howland Island, there may have even been a brief attempt at settlement. [32] Japan and Malay Archipelago countries such as East Timor, Indonesia and the Philippines are dialogue partners of the Pacific Islands Forum, with East Timor having observer status, but none are full members. It h0uses 70 percent of the total number of US bases in Japan, where 50,000 American soldiers make up the Pentagons largest overseas contingent. magazine_button_bg_color_384157 = '#dd3333'; The article caused a global furor and forced President Richard Nixon to renounce the first use of chemical and biological weapons. Military incompetence has repeatedly endangered local water. Mitchells work has encouraged us to reject the us versus them dichotomy and see commonality so we can help each other, Hideki Yoshikawa, an anthropologist and activist who directs the Okinawa Environmental Justice Project, told me. In this legislation, Pacific Islanders were defined as: "Pacific Island Labourer" includes all natives not of European extraction of any island except the islands of New Zealand situated in the Pacific Ocean beyond the Commonwealth [of Australia] as constituted at the commencement of this Act. However, the inhabitants consider their island and its culture to be Polynesian, and do not view themselves as South Americans. Our ancestors were seafaring tribes who migrated to different archipelagos between the Indian and Pacific Oceans. The art of traditional weaving is among the most important. The leaks, multiple soldiers told Mitchell, were confirmed when rabbits placed at the storage site began to die from the poisonous air. In Their Fight to Stop a New US Military Base, Okinawans Confront Two Colonizers Lal, B., and K. Fortune, eds. Remembering Executive Order 9066, the 'single act' that began WWII incarceration, Pulitzer Winner Viet Thanh Nguyen on the U.S., Vietnam, and why history can't be erased, The Displaced: Refugee Writers on Refugee Lives. The prefecture is composed of roughly the southwestern two-thirds of the Ryukyu Islands, that archipelago forming the division between the East China Sea to the northwest and the Philippine Sea to the southeast. Maia Hibbett. Bryan Kamaoli Kuwada. slotId: "thenation_right_rail_384157", These maps reveal the migration history of Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders both into the United States and from state to state within US borders. This began the largest land battle of the Pacific War which devastated island. Pacific Islanders are the natives of the many Pacific islands, the main ones being New Zealand, the island group of Micronesia, Melanesia, Polynesia and Hawaii. I think so.. What is the Secret War in Laos? Seventeen thousand people formed a human chain around Futenma. HAWAIIAN: Caution. Mitchell uncovered the US militarys accidental use of depleted uranium rounds at an Okinawan live-fire range in 1995 and 1996, its dump of radioactive waste into sewers beneath US bases in mainland Japan in 2011, and hundreds of recent environmental accidents at US bases on Okinawa that were not reported to Japanese authorities. By signing up, you confirm that you are over the age of 16 andagree to receive occasional promotional offers for programs that support The Nations journalism. Such long-term exposure is a serious health risk that can cause heart problems, disrupt sleep patterns, and damage cognitive skills in children. The second phase of the Okinawa Campaign consisted of the objectives of Ie Shima, which housed the big airfield of the islands, and Motobu Peninsula. Micronesians include the Carolinians (Northern Mariana Islands), Chamorros (Guam and The Northern Mariana Islands ), Chuukese (Chuuk), I-Kiribati (Kiribati), Kosraeans (Kosrae), Marshallese (Marshall Islands), Palauans (Palau), Pohnpeians (Pohnpei), and Yapese (Yap). Click here to log inor subscribe. This coding can be broken down into the finer classification of 1,100 Australian Peoples; 1,200 New Zealand peoples; 1,300 Melanesian and Papuan; 1,400 Micronesian; 1,500 Polynesian. A large section of its own indigenous population consists of Maoris a Polynesian race. WASHINGTON -- The U.S. will bolster its conventional deterrence against China, establishing a network of precision-strike missiles along the so-called first island chain as part of $27.4 billion. Mire Koikari. [25][26][27][28] The islands of the Philippines do not have oceanic geology, and instead sit on the continental shelf of Asia. tn_ptype: 'article', Details as to civilian casualties are virtually unknown, but Okinawan authorities and the U.S. military estimate 100,000-150,000 Okinawans perished. An immigrant chooses to leave and chooses where he or she will go. Getting to the truth is the critical first step in our fight.. jQuery("#magazine_button_384157 a input").css("background",magazine_button_bg_color_384157); Refers to a person who is of Polynesian descent. [11] In the South Pacific, the easternmost oceanic island with any human inhabitation was Easter Island, settled by the Polynesian Rapa Nui people. [45], Despite this, Pacific Islanders were generally held in a much higher regard than Indigenous Australians were during the early 20th century. More than 48 distinct Asian and Pacific Islander ethnic groups exist representing a diverse range of cultures, languages, religions, and immigration patterns. In July 1969, Americans at the Chibana depot were ordered to sandblast a large sarin bomb to prepare for its repainting when it sprung a leak; 23 service members and one civilian were hospitalized after they started to get short of breath. The distinction between undocumented immigrant and refugee is oftentimes unclear and oftentimes amounts to a political distinction cast by the country of destination, which might have moral and political obligations to refugees but not to undocumented immigrants. [38] This is not the case with other Australian islands that were inhabited by Indigenous peoples prior to European discovery, such as Fraser Island, Great Palm Island and the Tiwi Islands. In so doing, it is a. APIDA refers to the broad pan-ethnic classification that includes East Asian, South Asian, Southeast Asian, and Pacific Islander populations . Micronesia includes Kiribati, Nauru, the Marianas (Guam and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands), the Republic of the Marshall Islands, Palau, and the Federated States of Micronesia (Yap, Chuuk, Pohnpei, and Kosrae, all in the Caroline Islands). It is a geographic and often ethnic/racial term to describe the inhabitants of any of the three major sub-regions of Oceania: Micronesia, Melanesia and Polynesia. [46] It provides visas for workers from Kiribati, Tonga, Vanuatu, and Papua New Guinea to work in Australia. [51] Those with a Samoan background make up the largest proportion, followed by Cook Islands Mori, Tongan, and Niuean. August 30, 2007. Honolulu, HI: University of Hawaii Press. Banks claimed that, "although islands such as the Philippines, Indonesia, Malaysia, Taiwan, Japan and the Aleutian Islands are located in the Pacific Ocean, islanders from these locales are not typically considered Pacific Islanders. [19] Like with the Spanish-speaking islanders in the southeastern Pacific, they would not normally be considered Pacific Islanders under a ethnically-based definition. Filters allow you to separately track the migrations of people from many nations. Before 1955, most Japanese treated U.S.-occupied Okinawa as a "forgotten island," as Times Magazine reporter Frank Gibney initially phrased it in 1949.16 Indeed, Japanese Diet approval of the U.S. jurisdictional separation of the Ryukyus from Japan without the islanders' consent implicitly assumed and affirmed a separate identity. The chemical weapons were part of an operation called DOD Project 112 (Red Hat) in which Heathcote was involved. The invading force thought that the . The distinction is not trivial. Weaving has been passed down from mother to daughter for centuries on the small islands and atolls of Yap, one of four island states in the Federated States of Micronesia, originally known as the Caroline Islands. The term "concentration camp" was the term used by the U.S. government to describe the intended purpose of containing Japanese Americans. The U.S. Census Bureau must adhere to the 1997 Office of Management and Budget standards on race and ethnicity which guide the Census Bureau in classifying written responses to the race question. The plans, which also draw on $4.6 billion appropriated by Congress for its Pacific Deterrence Initiative, include a precision strike missile network on the "island chain" running from. Maia Hibbett. Corrections? What does "hapa" mean? placementName: "thenation_article_indent", That said, I think there is also a risk that a word like "desi" might pose potentially homogenizing the diversity of South Asian cultures into a single, uneven identity that does not equally represent all the nations in this particular region. Through FOIA, Mitchell also documented that the State Department and the CIA have closely followed his reporting and speaking engagements in Japan. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. In 2011, Mitchell was the first reporter to interview US Air Force technicians on Okinawa in charge of the storage of nuclear weapons, which included over 1,200 warheads at Kadena and Naha Air Force Bases as well as at US Army ammunition dumps in Chibana and Henoko. Okinawa saw 82 days of brutal warfare in horrific conditions at places like Kakazu . What is the difference between Asian American and Asian American and Pacific Islander? On Okinawa alone, during 82 days of fighting, approximately 100,000 Japanese troops and 12,510 Americans were killed, and somewhere between 42,000 and 150,000 Okinawan civilians died as well. But - after intense . [37], Several hundred distinct languages are spoken in the Pacific Islands. For me, such tactics are a sign of success, he told me. Reporters Without Borders investigated and confirmed Mitchells claims and found that other Okinawan journalists were affected. freestar.config.enabled_slots.push({ magazine_button_url_384157 = 'https://www.thenation.com/email-signup-module-donate/'; tn_author: ['tim-s'], 1.Ryukyu Islands: 5 2.Okinawa Island Group: 6 3.The plan of Attack: 30 4.Advance in the North: 6th Marine, 4-8 April 1945: 140 5.Kakazu Pocket, 21 April 1945: 240 Map I: Strategic Situation in the Pacific Map II: Island of Okinawa Map III: Southern Okinawa [6] In some common uses, the term refers to the islands of the Pacific Ocean once colonized by the Portuguese, Spaniards, Dutch, British, French, United States, and Japanese. Remote and uninhabitable islands in the central Pacific such as Baker Island were also generally isolated from humans prior to European discovery. In a joint statement, the two leaders affirmed their ironclad support for the US-Japan military alliance and agreed that Japan would complete construction of a new US Marine air base at Henoko in northern Okinawa as the only solution to replace the unpopular Futenma facility. In Hawaii there are other kinds of hapa people. Additionally, the islands are connected via ferry service to the Port of Naha in the prefectural capital. [38] The remote island is still sometimes considered to be in Melanesia, as it is close to the region, and has archeological evidence of prehistoric inhabitation. To correct this inequality, color-conscious casting takes into consideration the historical impact of race when it comes to the exclusion of people of color on stage and screen. For all peoples indigenous to Oceania, see. Defining Diaspora is a series of workshops and programs that allows participants to increase understanding of and connection to the diaspora that makes up Asian, Pacific Islander, and Desi communities. tn_keyword: ['imperialis', 'us-militar'], The U.S. planned that Okinawa, once captured, would serve as a staging area for an invasion of the main islands. [48][49], Local usage in New Zealand uses Pacific islander (formerly Pacific Polynesians,[50] or Pasifika) to distinguish those who have emigrated from one of these areas in modern times from the New Zealand Mori, who are also Polynesian but are indigenous to New Zealand. Makoto Suzuki has a close interest in the subject . [24] In his 2012 book Encyclopedia of Diversity in Education, American author James A. They were rounded up without consent and sent to camps because of the assumption of guilt by association. Dr. Viet Thanh Nguyen, professor of English and American studies and ethnicity at the University of Southern California, author of the Pulitzer Prize-winning The Sympathizer and The Displaced: Refugee Writers on Refugee Lives. But with the islands humid climate and salty air, the containers began to rust and leak. To have this symbolic word used by Asians, particularly by Japanese Americans, as though it is their own, seems to symbolically mirror the way Native Hawaiian land was first taken by European Americans, and is now owned by European Americans, Japanese and Japanese Americans and other Asian American ethnic groups that numerically and economically dominate Native Hawaiians in their own land. Spanish is spoken by a resident population only on the Ecuadorian Galpagos Islands, the Chilean possessions of Rapa Nui (Easter Island), Juan Fernndez Islands and a few other tiny islands. Invasion of Ie Shima. What is the difference between Hawaiian and Native Hawaiian? How is the term refugee different from immigrant? The island itself has 2 main towns, one where most of the locals dwell near the port and the other catered to visitors, where most hotels, shops, restaurants and other attractions are located. CAMP FOSTER, OKINAWA, Japan -- In the month of May, the achievements and contributions of Asian American and Pacific Islanders are celebrated and recognized throughout the military community. Native Hawaiians, in addition to all of the other ways that their sovereignty has been abrogated, lost for many years the right to their own language through oppressive English-language education. Similarly, whitewashing describes a non-Asian actor playing an Asian character either with or without the exaggerated makeup. The island was used to launch wars in Korea and Indochina; during the U.S. occupation (1945-52), Okinawans' were driven from their land, much of which was turned into US military bases, and were victimized by frequent crimes and accidents involving military personnel. Battle of Okinawa, (April 1-June 21, 1945), World War II battle fought between U.S. and Japanese forces on Okinawa, the largest of the Ryukyu Islands. Menu. While becoming an immigrant might be difficult, and while the immigrants life in a new country might be challenging, the journey itself between two countries is relatively safe. Historically the rule of the Ryukyu Kingdom, centered on Okinawa Island, consolidated the Okinawa Islands before spreading south to the Miyako and Yaeyama Islands and north to Amami shima.

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