greek war of independence quotes

These factors explain why, after denouncing the Greek Revolution, Alexander dispatched an ultimatum to Constantinople on 27 July 1821, after the Greek massacres in the city and the hanging of the Patriarch. [41] The death of Rigas fanned the flames of Greek nationalism; his nationalist poem, the "Thourios" (war-song), was translated into a number of Western European and later Balkan languages and served as a rallying cry for Greeks against Ottoman rule.[42]. [190] As a former Russian foreign minister, Kapodistrias was well connected to the European elite and he attempted to use his connections to secure loans for the new Greek state and to achieve the most favorable borders for Greece, which was being debated by Russian, French and British diplomats.[191]. [184] The British historian George Finlay wrote: "Church was of a small, well-made, active frame, and of a healthy constitution. We, seemingly worthy of ancestral virtue and of the present century, are hopeful that we will achieve their defense and help. They would go out in parties of fifty to a hundred, mounted on fleet horses, and scour the open country in search of Greek peasantry, who might from necessity or hardihood have ventured down upon the plains. Our generals are experienced, and all our fellow countrymen are full of enthusiasm. There are several important facts about the Greek War of Independence. "Today the fatherland is reborn, that for so long was lost and extinguished. [208] The French troops definitely left Greece after five years, in 1833. This page was last edited on 1 March 2023, at 19:54. Kolokotronis and most of the Peloponnesian notables and captains supported Mavromichalis, who remained president of his executive in Tripolitsa. 327331. [220] The Turks massacred Greeks identified with the revolution, especially in Anatolia, Crete, Constantinople, Cyprus, Macedonia and the Aegean islands. [228], The consequences of the Greek revolution were somewhat ambiguous in the immediate aftermath. When the news of the Greek Revolution was first received, the reaction of the European powers was uniformly hostile. ", Miller, Marion S. "A 'Liberal International'? [180], The losses Ibrahim Pasha had taken at Missolonghi had greatly reduced his army, and he spent the rest of 1826 chasing the Greek guerillas up and down the mountains. [35] There they came into contact with the radical ideas of the European Enlightenment, the French Revolution and romantic nationalism. Important political figures include Mahmud II, the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire throughout the period, Alexandros Maurokordatos and Ioannes Kolettes, Greek leaders whose political careers extended well into the following decades, and Ioannes Kapodistrias, the first Governor of Greece, who was granted executive powers in 1828 but was assassinated in 1831 by Greek political rivals.Our collection is particularly strong in the sources and scholarship of Philhellenism, the European and American movement in support of Greek independence, famously led by Lord Byron, who died during the Siege of Mesolongion in 1824 at the age of 36. [158] The Board of Control used the money to hire the naval hero, Lord Cochrane, to command the Greek Navy and to buy steamships. [183] In April 1827, Church and Cochrane arrived at Athens and immediately clashed over strategy. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/event/War-of-Greek-Independence, The Encyclopedia of Greater Philadelphia - Greek War for Independence, Princeton University Library - Inside the Hellenic Collections: The Greek War of Independence. An Arabic word meaning "flock" or "herd animal". Map shows territorial shifts in Ukraine since war began one year ago. [118] Meanwhile, the revolt in Chalkidiki was progressing slowly and unsystematically. Because of the Greek origin of so much of the West's classical heritage, there was tremendous sympathy for the Greek cause throughout Europe. The frigate responded with musket fire in retaliation and an Egyptian ship fired a cannon shot at the French flagship, the Sirene, which returned fire. Praised be your most virtuous name, omnipotent and most merciful Lord.". The legendary battle flag is currently stored at the National Historical Museum of Athens. He was imprisoned for his defiance of the central government but was later released to help defend the Morea (Peloponnese) against the Egyptian army of Imbrahim pasha. In the meanwhile, Patriarch Gregory V of Constantinople and the Synod had anathematized and excommunicated both Ypsilantis and Soutzos issuing many encyclicals, an explicit denunciation of the Revolution in line with the Orthodox Church's policy. The loss of their Romanian allies, followed by an Ottoman intervention on Wallachian soil, sealed defeat for the Greek exiles and culminated in the disastrous Battle of Dragashani and the destruction of the Sacred Band on 7 June [N.S. The ideals and patriotic songs of Rigas Feraios and others had made a profound impression upon the Thessalonians. [151], The crisis culminated when the legislature, which was controlled by the Roumeliotes and the Hydriots, overturned the executive, and fired its president, Petros Mavromichalis. [182] On 13 October 1826, Gouras was killed by an Ottoman sniper and a week later, Yannis Makriyannis was wounded three times in a single day. Greek War of Independence (2021 Podcast Episode) Quotes It looks like we don't have any Quotes for this title yet. The Greek War of Independence spanned from 1821 until 1829, starting with Ypsilantis' invasion of the Danubian Principalities and ending with the signing of the Treaty of Adrianople, in which the Ottomans agreed to Greek autonomy. [178] The Karteria suffered from constant engine breakdowns, but Hastings was able to use the ship successfully twice over the course of the next two years, at Volos and in the Gulf of Corinth.[178]. These loans, which, in effect, made the City of London the financier of the revolution,[56] inspired the creation of the "British" political party in Greece, whose opinion was that the revolution could only end in success with the help of Britain. After the crushing of the uprising, Muslim Albanians ravaged many regions in mainland Greece. I dream'd that Greece might yet be free After capturing some, they would give the poor creatures a certain distance to start ahead, hoping to escape, and then try the speed of their horses in overtaking them, the accuracy of their pistols in firing at them as they ran, or the keenness of their sabres' edge in cutting off their heads". Discover and share Greek War Quotes. Church expected the irregulars of Greece to execute his strategy like regiments of guards". [38], Revolutionary nationalism grew across Europe during the 18th and 19th centuries (including in the Balkans), due to the influence of the French Revolution. Revolutionary activity was fragmented because of the lack of strong central leadership and guidance. On 17 May, the Greeks of Polygyros took up arms, killed the local governor and 14 of his men, and wounded three others; they also repulsed two Turkish detachments. When Korais was a young adult he moved to Paris to continue his studies. 6 March], he crossed the river Prut with his followers, entering the Danubian Principalities. The Hour of the Bell: A Novel of the 1821 Greek War of Independence Against the Turks. The poem itself is 158 stanzas, but officially only the first two are the anthem. As Vacalopoulos notes, however, "adequate preparations for rebellion had not been made, nor were revolutionary ideals to be reconciled with the ideological world of the monks within the Athonite regime". [201] Canning therefore prepared for action by negotiating the Treaty of London (6 July 1827) with France and Russia. war of independence waged by Greek revolutionaries. [211] Based on the Protocol of Poros, the London Conference agreed on the protocol of 22 March 1829, which accepted most of the ambassadors' proposals but drew the borders farther south than the initial proposal and did not include Samos and Crete in the new state. [d] From the early 18th century and onwards, members of prominent Greek families in Constantinople, known as Phanariotes (after the Phanar district of the city), gained considerable control over Ottoman foreign policy and eventually over the bureaucracy as a whole. The rebellion originated in the activities of the Philik Etairea ("Friendly Brotherhood"), a patriotic conspiracy founded in Odessa (now in Ukraine) in 1814. [160] Hastings persuaded the Board of Control to invest in the revolutionary technology of the steamship, making the first use of a mechanised warship in a war. The Greek War of Independence,[a] also known as the Greek Revolution or the Greek Revolution of 1821, was a successful war of independence by Greek revolutionaries against the Ottoman Empire between 1821 and 1829. Explore our collection of motivational and famous quotes by authors you know and love. Decent Essays. [27] To the revolutionary leader and writer Yannis Makriyannis, klephts and armatoloibeing the only available major military force on the side of the Greeksplayed such a crucial role in the Greek revolution that he referred to them as the "yeast of liberty". [15] However, the Maniots continually resisted Ottoman rule, and defeated several Ottoman incursions into their region, the most famous of which was the invasion of 1770. [104] Crete had a long history of resisting Turkish rule, exemplified by the folk hero Daskalogiannis, who was killed while fighting the Turks. Many helped to finance the revolution. [88] From the United States came the doctor Samuel Gridley Howe and the soldier George Jarvis to fight with the Greeks. On 18 May, when Yusuf learned of the incidents at Polygyros and the spreading of the insurrection to the villages of Chalkidiki, he ordered half of his hostages to be slaughtered before his eyes. Soon the local Ottoman ruler, Mustafa Naili Pasha, attacked Frangokastello with an army of 8,000 men. Metternich dismissively wrote, "If the Irish were to revolt against the British Crown, and the King of France were to offer to mediate," leading him to ask: "Is England then ready to regard as a Power equal to rights to that of the [British] King the first Irish Club which declares itself the Insurgent Government of Ireland? [186] On 5 June 1827, the Acropolis surrendered in the last Ottoman victory of the war. In Bucharest, the relations of the two men deteriorated dramatically; Vladimirescu's first priority was to assert his authority against the newly appointed prince Scarlat Callimachi, trying to maintain relations with both Russia and the Ottomans. He then wrote to Papas from Hydra, asking him to visit Olympus to meet the captains there and to "fire them with the required patriotic enthusiasm". This chapter examines its diplomatic history with emphasis on the role of Britain (Canning) and Russia. These assemblies adopted two local statutes, the Charter of Western Continental Greece and the Legal Order of Eastern Continental Greece, drafted mainly by Mavrokordatos and Negris respectively. [19], In times of militarily weak central authority, the Balkan countryside became infested by groups of bandits called "klephts" (Greek: ) (the Greek equivalent of the hajduks) that struck at Muslims and Christians alike. The Sultan agreed to send the plenipotentiaries, and on 7 October 1826 signed the Akkerman Convention, in which Russian demands concerning Serbia and the principalities were accepted. "Freedom . Plagued by internal strife and financial difficulties in keeping the fleet in constant readiness, the Greeks failed to prevent the capture and destruction of Kasos and Psara in 1824, or the landing of the Egyptian army at Methoni. Greek forces under Demetrius Ypsilantis, for the first time trained to fight as a regular European army rather than as guerrilla bands, advanced against Aslan Bey's forces and defeated them. [114] On 8 May, the Turks, infuriated by the landing of sailors from Psara at Tsayezi, by the capture of Turkish merchants and the seizure of their goods, rampaged through the streets of Serres, searched the houses of the notables for arms, imprisoned the Metropolitan and 150 merchants, and seized their goods as a reprisal for the plundering by the Psarians.[115]. The leader and coordinator of the revolution in Macedonia was Emmanouel Pappas from the village of Dobista, Serres, who was initiated into the Filiki Eteria in 1819. The survivors, among them Pappas, were rescued by the Psarian fleet, which took them mainly to Skiathos, Skopelos and Skyros. An independence movement in Peloponnesus (Morea) was incited by Russian agents in 1769, and a Greek flotilla under Lambros Katsonis assisted the Russian fleet in the war of 17881792. His manner was agreeable and easy, with the polish of a great social experience, and the goodness of his disposition was admitted by his enemies, but the strength of his mind was not the quality of which his friends boastedBoth Church and the Greeks misunderstood one another. In the face of this situation, the Greeks decided to use fire ships (Greek: or ), which had proven themselves effective for the Psarians during the Orlov Revolt in 1770. However, the success of Muhammad Ali's troops in both places settled the Turks on the horns of a very difficult dilemma, since they were afraid of their wli's expansionist ambitions. A great deal of power was placed in their hands and they integrated in the network of clientelist relationships that formed the Ottoman administration. According to oral tradition, the Revolution was declared on 25 March 1821 (N.S. [212], Under pressure from Russia, the Porte finally agreed on the terms of the Treaty of London of 6 July 1827 and of the Protocol of 22 March 1829. His army of 7,000 men was held off by an army of 2,000 Maniots and 500 refugees from other parts of Greece until Kolokotronis attacked the Egyptians from the rear and forced them to retreat. The first test was made at Eresos on 27 May 1821, when an Ottoman frigate was successfully destroyed by a fire ship under Dimitrios Papanikolis. However, the plans of the Filiki Eteria were discovered by the Ottoman authorities, forcing the revolution to start earlier. In June 1821 the insurgents tried to cut communications between Thrace and the south, attempting to prevent the serasker Haji Muhammad Bayram Pasha from transferring forces from Asia Minor to southern Greece. In Support of Liberty; Philadelphia and the Greek War of Independence has been directed and produced by Eleftherios Kostans. After a tense week-long standoff, the Battle of Navarino led to the destruction of the OttomanEgyptian fleet and turned the tide in favor of the revolutionaries. [100], When Demetrios Ypsilantis arrived in Peloponnese as official representative of Filiki Eteria, he tried to assume control of the Revolution's affairs, and he thus proposed a new system of electing the members of the Senate, which was supported by the military leaders, but opposed by the notables. Kostans is a multi-award nominated and winner content creator, director . [205] A full engagement was begun which ended in a complete victory for the Allies and in the annihilation of the Egyptian-Turkish fleet. [55], Byron organized funds and supplies (including the provision of several ships), but died from fever at Missolonghi in 1824. 5 October],[75] and the city was given over to the mob for two days. Sfyroeras, Schoolbook for Triti Gymnasiou, 6th edition, Athens 1996, pp. [37] On 9 June 1821 3 ships sailed to Cyprus with Konstantinos Kanaris. Used in Thessaly, created by Anthimos Gazis, Flag of the Military-Political System of Samos, Very widespread flag used by all the revolutionaries, In 1971, the Municipality of Thessaloniki commissioned a symphonic work for the 150th anniversary of the Greek Revolution. [226] Most of the Greeks in the Greek quarter of Constantinople were massacred. Ibrahim sent an envoy to the Maniots demanding that they surrender or else he would ravage their land as he had done to the rest of the Peloponnese. [28] Commodore Gawen Hamilton of the Royal Navy, placed his ships in a position which looked like he would assist in the defence of the city. [28] Contrary to conventional Greek history, many of the klephts and armatoles participated at the Greek War of Independence according to their own militaristic patron-client terms. [12] However, Greece was to remain under Ottoman rule for several more centuries. The Turks surrendered all lands from Livadeia to the Spercheios River in exchange for safe passage out of Central Greece. "All art is propaganda," wrote George Orwell. A remnant of our Spartan dead! [91], Citizens of the United States, from elite as well as modest socioeconomic backgrounds, supported the Greek cause, donating money and supplies to numerous philhellenic groups in both the northern and southern United States. With the initiative of the Messenian Senate, a Peloponnesian assembly convened, and elected a Senate on 26 May. Nicolas Astrinidis' choral Symphony "1821" was premiered on 27 October 1971 at the 6th "Demetria". All structured data from the main, Property, Lexeme, and EntitySchema namespaces is available under the Creative Commons CC0 License; text in the other namespaces is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. [85] After the execution of the Patriarch Gregory V, the Russian Emperor Alexander I broke off diplomatic relations with the Sublime Porte after his foreign minister Count Ioannis Kapodistrias sent an ultimatum demanding promises from the Ottomans to stop executing Orthodox priests, which the Porte did not see fit to answer. Under Kolettis' orders, two bodies of Roumeliotes and Souliotes invaded the Peloponnese: the first under Gouras occupied Corinth and raided the province; the second under Karaiskakis, Kitsos Tzavelas and others, attacked in Achaea, Lindos and "Zaimis". However, when his force landed at Pyrgos Dirou, they were confronted by a group of Maniot women and repelled. Let's throw away love and dance. [88], In Nafplio, a monument to honor the philhellenes who died fighting in the war listed 274 names, of which 100 are from Germany, forty each from France and Italy, and the rest from Britain, Spain, Hungary, Sweden, Portugal and Denmark. [229] The country had been ravaged by ten years of fighting and was full of displaced refugees and empty Turkish estates, necessitating a series of land reforms over several decades. Maison thus implemented the convention Codrington had negotiated and signed in Alexandria with Muhammad Ali, which provided for the withdrawal of all Egyptian troops from the Peloponnese. With the support of Egyptian sea power, the Ottoman forces successfully invaded the Peloponnese; they furthermore captured Missolonghi in April 1826, the town of Athens (Athna) in August 1826, and the Athenian acropolis in June 1827. [20], Responding to the klephts' attacks, the Ottomans recruited the ablest amongst these groups, contracting Christian militias, known as "armatoloi" (Greek: ), to secure endangered areas, especially mountain passes. Ibrahim agreed to write to the Sultan to see if he would change his orders, but he also complained about the Greeks being able to continue their attacks. . Some historians argue that Ottoman atrocities were given wide coverage in Europe, while Greek atrocities tended to be suppressed or played down. Kolokotronis refused, and the Assembly was finally gathered in March 1823 in Astros. The siege had begun on 15 April 1825, the day on which Navarino had fallen to Ibrahim. 14211451). In August 1822, George Canning was appointed by the British government as Foreign Secretary, succeeding Castlereagh. [196] The Anglo-Russian protocol that Wellington negotiated with Nicholas in St. Petersburg attracted much scorn from Metternich, who was consistently the most pro-Ottoman and anti-Greek European statesmen. The revolt of Greeks in the Peloponnese, led by Theodoros Kolokotronis, set off a chain of revolts elsewhere throughout Greece. The Russo-Turkish wars of Catherine II (17621796) made the Greeks consider their emancipation with the aid of Russia. A re-enactment of the March First Independence Movement was held honoring the national holiday and 1919 demonstrations that called for independence from Japan. "Today the fatherland is reborn, that for so long was lost and extinguished. [95], Haiti was the first government of an independent state to recognise the Greek independence. The withdrawal of Leopold as a candidate for the throne of Greece and the July Revolution in France further delayed the final settlement of the new kingdom's frontiers until a new government was formed in Britain. He was aware of his fate and impending death, yet stood by the Greek cause. We, the inhabitants of Mani, sign and wait for you. 5 quotes As they did in similar cases in the past, the Turks executed the Patriarch after they had had him deposed and replaced, not as patriarch but as a disloyal subject. [200] Since Britain and Russia were going ahead with their plans to impose mediation with or without France, if the French declined the offer to impose mediation, Greece would be in the Anglo-Russian sphere of influence, while if the French did take part, then Greece would also be in the French sphere of influence. After the fall of Kalamata, the Messenian Senate, the first of the Greeks' local governing councils, held its inaugural session. And musing there an hour alone, The revolution is celebrated by Greeks around the world as independence day on 25 March every year. When the revolution began, most of the Christian population of Athens fled to Salamis. [34], Due to economic developments within and outside the Ottoman Empire in the 18th century, Greek merchants and sailors became affluent and generated the wealth necessary to found schools and libraries, and to pay for young Greeks to study at the universities of Western Europe. He also wished to seize the powerful notables of Polygyros, who got wind of his intentions and fled. The crucial meeting was held at Vostitsa (modern Aigion), where chieftains and prelates from all over the Peloponnese assembled on 26 January. "Newer and Modern History"( ), Vas. The Allies did not lose a ship and suffered only 181 deaths. General Chatzipetros, showing military decorations declared "These were given to me by the heroism and braveness of the Column of Cypriots". Fearing that his followers might surrender him to the Turks, he gave out that Austria had declared war on Turkey, caused a Te Deum to be sung in Cozia Monastery, and on pretext of arranging measures with the Austrian commander-in-chief, he crossed the frontier. According to Clogg, recruiting was carried out in the Danubian principalities, southern Russia, the Ionian islands and the Peloponnese. After one month of fighting and negotiations, an agreement was reached between Kolokotronis, from one side, and Londos and Zaimis, from the other side. During a great part of the next century, the Greek state sought the liberation of the "unredeemed" Greeks of the Ottoman Empire, in accordance with the Megali Idea, i.e., the goal of uniting all Greeks in one country. The Maniots pursued the Egyptians all the way to Kalamata before returning to Vergas. Dionysios Solomos (17981857) was another national poet inspired by the Greek War of Independence. [b] Orthodox Christians were granted some political rights under Ottoman rule, but they were considered inferior subjects. The central administration tried to marginalize Kolokotronis, who also had under his control the fort of Nafplion. Must we but blush? [70] Also, some European newspapers of June and July 1821 published the news of declaration of revolution by Germanos either in Patras on 6 April/25 March 1821[71] or in the "Monastery of Velia Mountain" (Agia Lavra) on a non-specified date. You may talk to me of national policy and the necessity of neutrality, but I say, a curse upon such a policy!". [40] The most influential of the Greek writers and intellectuals was Rigas Feraios. In September 1821, the Greeks, under the leadership of Theodoros Kolokotronis, captured Tripolitsa. pp. On 9 July 1821 Kk Pasha had the gates to the walled city of Nicosia closed and executed, by beheading or hanging, 470 important Cypriots amongst them Chrysanthos (bishop of Paphos), Meletios (bishop of Kition) and Lavrentios (bishop of Kyrenia). In subsequent years, the successes of the Greek fire ships would increase their reputation, with acts such as the destruction of the Ottoman flagship by Konstantinos Kanaris at Chios, after the massacre of the island's population in June 1822, acquiring international fame. Lord Palmerston, who took over as British Foreign Secretary, agreed to the ArtaVolos borderline. Further negotiations in 1832 led to the London Conference and the Treaty of Constantinople, which defined the final borders of the new state and established Prince Otto of Bavaria as the first king of Greece. Codrington had not heard of Hastings's actions and thought that Ibrahim was breaking his agreement. Read More. On the other hand, the notables insisted on the principle of. After a long and bloody struggle, and with the aid of the Great Powers, independence was finally granted by the Treaty of Constantinople in July 1832. In total, over 1000 Cypriots fought in the War of Independence, many of whom died. Codrington responded by saying that if Ibrahim's fleets attempted to go anywhere but home, he would have to destroy them. [176] The American philhellene Samuel Gridley Howe, serving as a doctor with the Greeks, wrote back to America: "I write you with an almost breaking heart. He thus cut the Greeks off from the sea and blocked off their supply route. [127] The Albanian-speaking seamen of Hydra and Spetses provided the core of the Greek fleet and leading members of the Greek government, among them a one wartime president. From 9 to 14 July, the Ottomans killed all prisoners on the list of the pasha, and in the next 30 days, looting and massacres spread throughout Cyprus as 4,000 Turkish soldiers from Syria arrived on the island. Subscribe to Princeton University Librarys e-newsletter for the latest updates on teaching and research support, collections, resources, and services. A spirit of money-making has eaten up our patriotism. Mehmed Emin then appeared before the town with 10,000 regular troops and 10,600 irregulars. . [143], The Greek government had been desperately short of money since the start of the revolution, and in February 1823, the banker Andras Louritis arrived in London, seeking a loan from the City. Ibrahim, Pasha, the Egyptian general who brought the Greeks to the brink of defeat at the Siege of Mesolongion (Missolonghi) also deserves mention, as does the Greek admiral Andreas Miaoules, whose naval operations did much to turn the tide again in Greeces favor. [83] In the city of Smyrna (modern zmir, Turkey), which until 1922 was a mostly Greek city, Ottoman soldiers drawn from the interior of Anatolia on their way to fight in either Greece or Moldavia/Wallachia, staged a pogrom in June 1821 against the Greeks, leading Gordon to write: "3,000 ruffians assailed the Greek quarter, plundered the houses and slaughtered the people; Smyrna resembled a place taken by assault, neither age or sex being respected". Finally, Tripolitsa was seized by the Greeks on 23 September [N.S. List of Greek soldiers and their current and former ranks, from a report published in 1865 in support of the still living veterans who fought at the Siege of Athens in 1826, demanding both their recognition and back pay. [183] In the summer of 1826, the Greek government gave command of its army to the British General Sir Richard Church. . Mavrokordatos saved the office of president of the executive for himself, while Ypsilantis, who had called for the Assembly, was elected president of the legislative body, a place of limited significance. Unite, then, O brave and magnanimous Greeks! Phanariotes, who had until then held high office within the Ottoman Empire, were thenceforth regarded as suspect, and lost their special, privileged status. [103], Cretan participation in the revolution was extensive, but it failed to achieve liberation from Turkish rule because of Egyptian intervention. [11] Demetrius Chalcondyles called on Venice and "all of the Latins" to aid the Greeks against "the abominable, monstrous, and impious barbarian Turks". The British public, many of them Philhellenes, were overjoyed at the outcome of the battle which all but confirmed the independence of Greece. [141] The successive military campaigns of the Ottomans in Western and Eastern Greece were repulsed: in 1822, Mahmud Dramali Pasha crossed Roumeli and invaded Morea, but suffered a serious defeat in the Dervenakia. [142] Theodoros Kolokotronis, who annihilated Dramali Pasha's army at Dervenakia, became the hero of the hour, attracting much praise all over Greece. Zaimis and the other Peloponnesians who supported Kountouriotis came into conflict with the executive body, and allied with Kolokotronis, who roused the residents of Tripolitsa against the local tax collectors of the government. Back in Cyprus during the war, the local population suffered greatly at the hands of the Ottoman rulers of the islands, who were quick to act with great severity at any act of patriotism and sympathy of the Greeks of Cyprus to the Revolution, fearing a similar uprising in Cyprus. A Greek passenger train collided head-on with a cargo train late on Tuesday, throwing entire carriages off the tracks and killing at least 36 people in the country's deadliest rail crash in living .

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