the following describe internal states of symptoms except

Thirst. Perhaps our ancestors spent extended periods of time asleep to reduce attention to themselves from potential predators. Add a comment. During sleep, the pituitary gland secretes both FSH and LH which are important in regulating the reproductive system (Christensen et al., 2012; Sofikitis et al., 2008). Two theories attempt to answer this question: One theory views hypnosis as dissociation and the other theory views it as the performance of a social role. (a) Delta waves, which are low frequency and high amplitude, characterize (b) slow-wave stage 3 and stage 4 sleep. While cognitive deficits may be the most obvious, many body systems are negatively impacted by lack of sleep. People who suffer from this disorder can injure themselves or their sleeping partners when engaging in these behaviors. Users can experience physical symptoms that include nausea, elevated blood pressure, and increased heart rate. Taking a different approach to explain hypnosis, the social-cognitive theory of hypnosis sees people in hypnotic states as performing the social role of a hypnotized person. Complete the following multiple choice quiz covering chapters 1, 6, and 9. THE INTERNAL STATE SCALE (ISS) Version 2 and the ChronoBook SCORING KEY AND SUMMARY Mark S. Bauer, MD . Dopamine activity is often associated with reward and craving; therefore, drugs that affect dopamine neurotransmission often have abuse liability. It may surprise you to know that sleep deprivation is associated with obesity, increased blood pressure, increased levels of stress hormones, and reduced immune functioning (Banks & Dinges, 2007). Primary signs and symptoms of Ebola often include some or several of the following: Fever. Often, however, people wishing to learn to meditate receive some training in techniques to achieve a meditative state. Participants were told they would not feel pain, but they could press a button if they did; while they reported not feeling pain, they did, in fact, press the button, suggesting a dissociation of consciousness while in the hypnotic state (Hilgard & Hilgard, 1994). Our lives involve regular, dramatic changes in the degree to which we are aware of our surroundings and our internal states. Infants younger than 12 months appear to be at the highest risk for SIDS, and boys have a greater risk than girls. Freud made distinctions between the manifest content and the latent content of dreams. It is not uncommon for people suffering from undiagnosed or untreated sleep apnea to fear that their careers will be affected by the lack of sleep, illustrated by this statement from another patient, Im in a job where theres a premium on being mentally alert. Access for free athttps://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/1-introduction. The axons of light-sensitive neurons in the retina provide information to the SCN based on the amount of light present, allowing this internal clock to be synchronized with the outside world (Klein, Moore, & Reppert, 1991; Welsh, Takahashi, & Kay, 2010) (Figure 4.3). Those who continue to have insomnia, particularly if it affects their quality of life, should seek professional treatment. A) managed care This hypnogram illustrates how an individual moves through the various stages of sleep. Some research suggests that species that face higher predatory risks sleep fewer hours than other species (Capellini et al., 2008), while other researchers suggest there is no relationship between the amount of time a given species spends in deep sleep and its predation risk (Lesku, Roth, Amlaner, & Lima, 2006). that would be one of the problems that Ive encountered. Body temperature rises throughout the waking day, peaking in the afternoon, and falls during sleep with the lowest point occurring during the very early morning hours. These will soon, in all ordinary cases, subdue the most distressing symptoms, and effect a perfect cure in a day or two. In the central nervous system, it plays a role in arousal and reward mechanisms. An agonist facilitates the activity of a neurotransmitter system, and antagonists impede neurotransmitter activity. Tolerance can cause the user to increase the amount of drug used to a dangerous leveleven to the point of overdose and death. C) the severity and duration of the problem. In the therapeutic setting, a clinician may use relaxation and suggestion in an attempt to alter the thoughts and perceptions of a patient. However, all of their somnambulistic patients who also suffered from sleep-related breathing problems showed a marked decrease in sleepwalking when their breathing problems were effectively treated. In 2013, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration recommended tighter controls on their medical use. In addition, the appearance of K-complexes is often associated with stage 2 sleep. You have read that the pineal gland releases melatonin during sleep (Figure 4.6). Try going to bed and waking up at the same time every day to keep your biological clock in sync so your body gets in the habit of sleeping every night. The freebase version of cocaine, known as crack, is a potent, smokable version of the drug. These drugs share in common their ability to serve as agonists of the gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurotransmitter system. Sleep apnea is defined as a reduction or cessation of breathing during sleep. Like many other stimulants, cocaine agonizes the dopamine neurotransmitter system by blocking the reuptake of dopamine in the neuronal synapse. (credit sleeping: modification of work by Ryan Vaarsi). Our experiences change dramatically while we are in deep sleep and once again when we are dreaming. NCEH provides leadership to promote health and quality of life by preventing or controlling those diseases, birth defects, or disabilities resulting from interaction between people and the environment. Weakness and fatigue. Caffeine is an adenosine antagonist, so caffeine inhibits the adenosine receptors, thus decreasing sleepiness and promoting wakefulness. More specifically, homeostasis is the body's tendency to monitor and maintain internal states, such as temperature and blood sugar, at fairly constant and stable levels. While we certainly welcome the convenience of having the darkness lit up, we also suffer the consequences of reduced amounts of sleep because we are more active during the nighttime hours than our ancestors were. D) the demographic characteristics of the person C) the severity and duration of the problem. The different stages of sleep will be identified, and sleep disorders will be described. As we grow older, we sleep less. During periods of emotional arousal, the woman complained that she felt some weakness on the right side of her body. A hypnogram is a diagram of the stages of sleep as they occur during a period of sleep. Given the central role that sleep plays in our lives and the number of adverse consequences that have been associated with sleep deprivation, one would think that we would have a clear understanding of why it is that we sleep. Inflammation has many causes, including infections, injuries, and diseases. 1. Generally, people use caffeine to maintain increased levels of alertness and arousal. This will be followed by brief descriptions of the effects of some of the more well-known drugs commonly used today. One complete menstrual cycle takes about 28 daysa lunar monthbut many biological cycles are much shorter. Reduced urine. This final section will consider hypnotic and meditative states as additional examples of altered states of consciousness experienced by some individuals. Thus, K-complexes might serve as a bridge to higher levels of arousal in response to what is going on in our environments (Halsz, 1993; Steriade & Amzica, 1998). With excessive alcohol use, a person might experience a complete loss of consciousness and/or difficulty remembering events that occurred during a period of intoxication (McKim & Hancock, 2013). Insleepwalking, or somnambulism, the sleeper engages in relatively complex behaviors ranging from wandering about to driving an automobile. For example, body temperature fluctuates cyclically over a 24-hour period (Figure 4.2). Two sleeping children are depicted in this 1895 oil painting titled. The chapter will close with discussions of altered states of consciousness produced by psychoactive drugs, hypnosis, and meditation. This is an important factor because we can develop tolerance and experience withdrawal from any number of drugs that we do not abuse. High doses of MDMA can cause brain toxicity and death. . Is it absolutely essential that we sleep? Has something like this ever happened to you? Marijuana, LSD, Peyote, mescaline, DMT, dissociative anesthetics including ketamine and PCP, Increased heart rate and blood pressure that may dissipate over time, Mild to intense perceptual changes with high variability in effects based on strain, method of ingestion, and individual differences, Understand what is meant by consciousness, Explain how circadian rhythms are involved in regulating the sleep-wake cycle, and how circadian cycles can be disrupted, Describe areas of the brain involved in sleep, Understand hormone secretions associated with sleep, Describe several theories aimed at explaining the function of sleep, Differentiate between REM and non-REM sleep, Describe the differences between the three stages of non-REM sleep, Understand the role that REM and non-REM sleep play in learning and memory, Describe the symptoms and treatments of insomnia, Recognize the symptoms of several parasomnias, Describe the symptoms and treatments for sleep apnea, Recognize risk factors associated with sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) and steps to prevent it, Describe the symptoms and treatments for narcolepsy. Pain relief, euphoria, sleepiness. While people are often unaware of their sleep apnea, they are keenly aware of some of the adverse consequences of insufficient sleep. Increased prescriptions led to greater rates of misuse, along with greater incidence of addiction, even among patients who used these drugs as prescribed. One way that this happens involves traveling across multiple time zones. Sleep deprivation, in general, is associated with a number of negative consequences (Brown, 2012). Opioids have analgesic properties; that is, they decrease pain. This pattern of temperature fluctuation, which repeats every day, is one example of a circadian rhythm. Thus, opioid drugs, which mimic this endogenous painkilling mechanism, have an extremely high potential for abuse. These include daydreaming, intoxication, and unconsciousness due to anesthesia. Hypnosis has also been used to draw out information believed to be buried deeply in someones memory. As mentioned earlier, lack of sleep can result in decreased mental alertness and cognitive function. The researchers showed that these states correspond to distinct strategies, and then they identified . Furthermore, slow-wave sleep after learning a new task can improve resultant performance on that task (Huber, Ghilardi, Massimini, & Tononi, 2004) and seems essential for effective memory formation (Stickgold, 2005). How exactly does a hypnotist bring a participant to a state of hypnosis? Chronic insomnia is almost always associated with feeling overtired and may be associated with symptoms of depression. Heavy meals may make you sleepy, but they can also lead to frequent awakenings due to gastric distress. Brain waves during REM sleep appear very similar to brain waves during wakefulness. Recent adaptations (e.g., Hobson, 2002) continue to update the theory based on accumulating evidence. In this section, we will discuss each of these stages of sleep and their associated patterns of brain wave activity. Codeineis an opioid with relatively low potency. Stick to a sleep schedule, even on the weekends. For example, repeated use can lead to overall depletion among the monoamine neurotransmitters (dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin). Case fatality rates have varied from 25% to 90 . Asleep spindleis a rapid burst of higher frequency brain waves that may be important for learning and memory (Fogel & Smith, 2011; Poe, Walsh, & Bjorness, 2010). a. will be healthier than children because they are exposed to fewer infectious diseases.b. Rapid eye movement (REM)sleep is characterized by darting movements of the eyes under closed eyelids. The internal state of an object is the set of all its attributes' values. Therefore, no movement of voluntary muscles occurs during REM sleep in a normal individual; REM sleep is often referred to as paradoxical sleep because of this combination of high brain activity and lack of muscle tone. When people have difficulty getting sleep due to their work or the demands of day-to-day life, they accumulate a sleep debt. Many of these drugs, and their relationships, are shown inTable 4.2. Stage 3is often referred to as deep sleep or slow-wave sleep because this stage is characterized by low frequency (less than 3 Hz), high amplitudedelta waves(Figure 4.10). Psychological dependence on these drugs is also possible. The smokable form reaches the brain very quickly to produce an intense euphoria that dissipates almost as fast as it arrives, prompting users to continuing taking the drug. This section will present information relating to the use of various psychoactive drugs and problems associated with such use. In general, these drugs are not thought to possess the same sort of abuse potential as other classes of drugs discussed in this section. It is often prescribed for minor pain, and it is available over-the-counter in some other countries. If you get peritoneal dialysis, peritonitis symptoms also may include: Cloudy dialysis fluid. Stimulant users seek aeuphoric high, feelings of intense elation and pleasure, especially in those users who take the drug via intravenous injection or smoking. She indicated that she had fallen asleep at inappropriate or dangerous times, including while eating, while socializing with friends, and while driving her car. Unfortunately, this is not the case; however, several hypotheses have been proposed to explain the function of sleep. These components include: These steps are conducive to being open to the heightened suggestibility of hypnosis. Indeed, we know sleep deprivation results in disruptions in cognition and memory deficits (Brown, 2012), leading to impairments in our abilities to maintain attention, make decisions, and recall long-term memories. It is much more difficult to awaken someone from sleep during stage 3 than during earlier stages. Acontinuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)device includes a mask that fits over the sleepers nose and mouth, which is connected to a pump that pumps air into the persons airways, forcing them to remain open, as shown inFigure 4.13. The brain waves associated with this stage of sleep are very similar to those observed when a person is awake, as shown inFigure 4.11, and this is the period of sleep in which dreaming occurs. In addition to withdrawal, many individuals who are diagnosed with substance use disorders will also develop tolerance to these substances. In addition, if a pregnant woman consumes alcohol, her infant may be born with a cluster of birth defects and symptoms collectively called fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) or fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS). Which of the following is true regarding patient adherence: d - all of the above (a - the average adherence rate for taking medication to treat acute illness is about 67%, b - adherence to taking medicine . Brainwave activity changes dramatically across the different stages of sleep. One popular hypothesis of sleep incorporates the perspective of evolutionary psychology. Dreams and their associated meanings vary across different cultures and periods of time. Upset stomach and vomiting. These episodes can last 1020 seconds or longer and often are associated with brief periods of arousal. Lucid dreamsare dreams in which certain aspects of wakefulness are maintained during a dream state. Few people in the United States remain untouched by the recent opioid epidemic. B) the cause of the problem. Typically, individuals suffering from night terrors will fall back asleep again within a short time. Toleranceis linked to physiological dependence, and it occurs when a person requires more and more drug to achieve effects previously experienced at lower doses. Whilecaffeineis generally considered a relatively safe drug, high blood levels of caffeine can result in insomnia, agitation, muscle twitching, nausea, irregular heartbeat, and even death (Reissig, Strain, & Griffiths, 2009; Wolt, Ganetsky, & Babu, 2012). It is quite possible that sleep serves no single universally adaptive function, and different species have evolved different patterns of sleep in response to their unique evolutionary pressures. LINK TO LEARNING: To learn more about some of the most commonly abused prescription and street drugs, check out the, LINK TO LEARNING: Feeling stressed? The heart rate slows . For example, withdrawal from sedative drugs often produces unpleasant arousal and agitation. Many individuals diagnosed with sleep apnea first seek treatment because their sleeping partners indicate that they snore loudly and/or stop breathing for extended periods of time while sleeping (Henry & Rosenthal, 2013). Opioid addiction reached crisis levels in the United States such that by 2019, an average of 130 people diedeach dayof an opioid overdose (NIDA, 2019). This section will describe several sleep disorders as well as some of their treatment options. Unexplained hemorrhaging, bleeding or bruising. As a result, many scientists have urged the federal government to allow for relaxation of current marijuana laws and classifications in order to facilitate a more widespread study of the drugs effects (Aggarwal et al., 2009; Bostwick, 2012; Kogan & Mechoulam, 2007). Upon admission to an outpatient clinic for treatment of mood disorders, she met all of the diagnostic criteria for substance dependence and was advised to dramatically limit her caffeine intake. Stage 2 sleep is characterized by the appearance of both sleep spindles and K-complexes. Variations and adaptations in cognition and behavior make individuals more or less successful in reproducing and passing their genes to their offspring. Therefore, it is important to make a distinction between hypnosis as an empirically based therapeutic approach versus as a form of entertainment. Low doses increase relaxation, decrease inhibitions. In such instances, the individuals schedule changes so frequently that it becomes difficult for a normal circadian rhythm to be maintained. Our sleep-wake cycle, which is linked to our environments natural light-dark cycle, is perhaps the most obvious example of a circadian rhythm, but we also have daily fluctuations in heart rate, blood pressure, blood sugar, and body temperature. Some research suggests that sleep deprivation affects cognitive and motor function as much as, if not more than, alcohol intoxication (Williamson & Feyer, 2000). d. both b and c. 2. Incentral sleep apnea, disruption in signals sent from the brain that regulate breathing cause periods of interrupted breathing (White, 2005). While we have discussed the negative outcomes associated with sleep deprivation, it should be pointed out that there are many benefits that are associated with adequate amounts of sleep. Like all opioids, codeine does have abuse potential. The decade from 20102019 brought many changes in laws regarding marijuana. Large-scale public health campaigns by the National Institutes of Health and the National Institute of Drug Abuse have led to recent declines in the opioid crisis. Avoid anything stimulating for an hour before bed. Cognitive-behavioral therapy has been demonstrated to be quite effective in treating insomnia (Savard, Simard, Ivers, & Morin, 2005; Williams, Roth, Vatthauer, & McCrae, 2013). That is why individuals suffering from sleep deprivation can also put themselves and others at risk when they put themselves behind the wheel of a car or work with dangerous machinery. . Delusions. Individuals with insomnia often experience long delays between the times that they go to bed and actually fall asleep. Contrary to popular belief, individuals undergoing hypnosis usually have clear memories of the hypnotic experience and are in control of their own behaviors. While individuals suffering from sleep apnea may not be aware of these repeated disruptions in sleep, they do experience increased levels of fatigue. The first three stages of sleep are NREM sleep, while the fourth and final stage of sleep is REM sleep. Homeostasisis the tendency to maintain a balance, or optimal level, within a biological system. Sleep is characterized by certain patterns of activity of the brain that can be visualized using electroencephalography (EEG), and different phases of sleep can be differentiated using EEG as well.

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